The government's official record said President Emmerson Mnangagwa "fixes the 23rd day of August, 2023, as the day of the election to the office of President."
Elections for the National Assembly and local government will also be held that day.
Mnangagwa's ZANU-PF party, which has been in power since independence in 1980, will face off against the Citizens Coalition for Change (CCC) led by Nelson Chamisa, a 45-year-old lawyer and pastor.
He will be Mnangagwa's opponent for a second time.
Chamisa on Tuesday called on Mnangagwa to set a date for the poll after prolonged uncertainty and flip-flops.
The CCC also cried foul over the electoral roll, saying many voters, including some senior politicians, had had their names had been removed or misplaced on the register.
Mnangagwa replaced strongman ruler Robert Mugabe in 2017 after a military-led coup but faces widespread criticism of authoritaranizm and discontent over the economy.
The country has been plagued for years by deepening poverty, chronic power cuts and crippling hyperinflation.
In 2018 Mnangagwa, dubbed "the Crocodile" for his political cunning, narrowly won a violence-stained election with 50.8 percent of the vote, a result which Chamisa denounced as fraud.
Analysts say Chamisa faces an uphill battle this time around, in the face of a clampdown on CCC events and arrests of party officials.
The country is ranked 157th out of 180 countries by Transparency International for perceived corruption.
Zimbabwe Sets August 23 General Elections
FILE: Sign denoting locale of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission's provincial office. Taken Feb. 8, 2023.
HARARE - Zimbabwe will hold nationwide elections on August 23, the government gazette said Wednesday, ending months of speculation over the date.