Specifically, the FTC said Facebook misled parents about how much control they had over who their children had contact with in the Messenger Kids app and was deceptive about how much access app developers had to users' private data, breaching a 2019 agreement on privacy.
The FTC's proposed changes include barring Facebook from making money off data collected on users under age 18, including in its virtual reality business. It would also face expanded limitations on using facial recognition technology.
Meta, which also owns Instagram, relies on digital ads targeted on the basis of its users' personal data for more than 98% of its revenue.
The company maintains the world's biggest social networks, but is battling short video app TikTok for young users' attention after it soared to popularity with American teens several years ago.
In a statement, Meta said the FTC action was "a political stunt" and that the FTC failed to act against "Chinese companies, like TikTok."
"We will vigorously fight this action and expect to prevail," the company said.
The FTC move on May 3 is the first step in the process of changing the 2019 agreement. Facebook will have 30 days to respond. The company also can appeal any commission decision to an appeals court.
"This is a very substantial statement from the FTC about whether or not Meta has fulfilled its duties to protect children," said Debra Williamson of Insider Intelligence, adding that "the revenue implications are not likely very large."