Addressing leaders at the COP28 summit in Dubai, Erdogan said "while discussing the climate crisis, we cannot ignore the humanitarian crisis unfolding in the Palestinian territories right beside us."
"The current situation in Gaza constitutes a war crime and a crime against humanity; those responsible must be held accountable under international law," he added.
Ramaphosa echoed Erdogan's statement.
"South Africa is appalled by the cruel tragedy that is under way in Gaza. The war against the innocent people of Palestine is a war crime that must be ended now," he said in his address.
Jordan's King Abdullah said it was difficult to focus on global warming while fighting was going on in the Middle East.
"This year's conference of the parties must recognize even more than ever that we cannot talk about climate change in isolation from the humanitarian tragedies unfolding around us," he said.
The prominence of the war between Israel and Hamas in the speeches delivered by world leaders attending the Dubai event served to highlight international divisions over the bloodshed.
It also presented a distraction for a summit where nations are trying to find consensus on the shared threat posed by climate change.
A group of demonstrators at the conference, some wearing shirts that spelled "cease-fire," chanted "Free Palestine." Elsewhere on the summit grounds, a display of shoes was meant to represent the thousands killed in Gaza.
Speaking to Reuters, an Israeli official said the military was abiding by international law and was intent on destroying Hamas.
Protests, while a common feature of climate conferences, are a rarity in the autocratic United Arab Emirates, the COP28's host nation. A COP28 spokesperson said, "the UAE protects the right to protests in line with relevant international agreements."
"Today was pretty awful," Mohammed Ursof, a Palestinian student from Gaza based in Qatar and attending the summit, said of the resumption in fighting.
The "international youth delegate" said he would try to raise awareness at the COP28 conference of the Palestinian cause.
While South Africa and Turkey hit at Israel for the hostilities in Gaza, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said on Friday that he met officials from Arab states and discussed the future of the Gaza Strip on the sidelines of the COP28.
A senior State Department official said Blinken met foreign ministers from Qatar, the UAE, Egypt, Jordan and Bahrain, alongside representatives of the Palestinian Authority.
The office of the British prime minister said Rishi Sunak and Qatar Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, both at the Dubai conference, discussed their deep regret over the collapse of the temporary pause in fighting.
Israel's President Isaac Herzog was also at COP28, where a day earlier he met UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. The UAE is one of few Arab states with official ties with Israel
But Herzog, who stood in the traditional "family photo" with other world leaders, did not give his scheduled address on Friday.
Foreign Ministry Deputy Director General Oded Joseph told Reuters that Israel remained intent on freeing those held hostage by Hamas and destroying the militant group.
Israel's bombardment and invasion of Gaza has killed over 15,000 Palestinians, according to Gaza health officials. It was launched in retaliation for an attack by Hamas militants on October 7 that killed 1,200 Israelis and foreigners and led to 240 hostages being taken into Gaza.
The assault sparked outrage in the Arab world, though most Western leaders have supported what they say is Israel's right to defend itself. Israeli warplanes pounded Gaza on Friday.
Bahrain's King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and Iraq's President Abdul Latif Rashid called for an end to the war.
Iran's delegation left the summit in protest at Israel's presence, Iranian media reported, while Colombia's President Gustavo Petro linked environmental issues with the war.
"If Palestine could be free today then tomorrow humanity will escape alive out of the throes of the climate crisis," he said.
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