Sometimes dubbed the "Singapore of Africa", Rwanda's glossy image has long impressed foreign visitors, and the tightly controlled state is risking nothing as it hosts its biggest event yet -- the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM).
The summit was twice delayed because of the coronavirus pandemic and skirted controversy over Rwanda being made host at all given questions over its record on human rights and political freedoms.
Tree-lined roads into the tidy Rwandan capital have been kept clear of all but essential traffic, and its spotless streets are uncrowded, with schools shut and students sent home.
Polishing the capital for CHOGM's guests -- notably Prince Charles as Queen Elizabeth II's representative on his first trip to Rwanda, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Canada's Justin Trudeau -- cost $4.7 million, according to the government.
Delegates arriving at Kigali's international airport were greeted by smiling officials, offered free phone cards, and driven along pretty boulevards lined with the flags of the Commonwealth's 54 member states.
CHOGM's high-profile guests arrive just as President Paul Kagame's government is accused of backing rebels and stoking violent instability in the mineral-rich east of the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo, charges it denies.
Rwanda is determined the turmoil unfolding over the border just 100 kilometres (60 miles) from its gleaming capital doesn't overshadow its moment in the spotlight.
But away from the fanfare Kigali's less fortunate have been warned to dress up smart or stay off the streets altogether, city residents told AFP.
"We are unwanted and we know it," said Rwiza Alex, a motorcycle taxi driver who was told his vehicle was too old and unpresentable, and ordered off the street for the remainder of CHOGM.
"During events like CHOGM, the government should find ways to accommodate those of us who don't really earn much."
Human Rights Watch said prostitutes, the homeless, and street vendors had been rounded up, and the NGO called for the closure of a notorious detention centre just a few miles (kilometres) from where CHOGM is being held.
"They were basically looking for street kids and sex workers... anyone who looks like they will disrupt the city or give it a bad image," said Chantal Uwamariya, a sex worker in Kigali, of a recent police sweep.
"They are arresting anyone they deem to be idle and disorderly, even people coming from work are rounded up if they are wearing slippers or sandals on the street," said John Peter Dushimimana, a 28-year-old street dweller.
Lewis Mudge, central Africa director at HRW, said Rwanda had a long history of locking up those considered "dirty" whose very existence challenged the squeaky-clean image it wanted the world to see.
"This time around, in 2022, we are seeing the same old pattern," he told AFP.
"Visitors should know that the clean streets come at a price."
